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Arhitektonski fakultet
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Stručni članak - studentski rad • Professional Paper - Student’s Article
UDK • UDC 712.035 (4) (47 Sankt Peterburg)

Znanstvena klasifikacija • Scientific Clasification


Područje: Tehničke znanosti • Section: Technical Sciences
Polje: Arhitektura i urbanizam • Field: Architecture and Urban Planning
Grane • Branches:
2.01.04 - Razvoj arhitekture i urbanizma i obnova graditeljskog naslijeđa • Development of Architecture and Urban Planning and Restoration of the Built Heritage
2.01.05 - Vrtna i pejsažna arhitektura • Landscape Architecture and Landscape Design


Rukopis primljen • Manuscript Received: 14. 07. 2003.
Članak prihvaćen • Article Accepted: 22. 10. 2003.


Perivojna arhitektura Sankt Peterburga


Landscape Architecture of Sankt-Peterburg
 

Ključne riječi • Key words

perivojna arhitektura
Sankt Peterburg		 landscape architecture
Sankt-Peterburg

Sažetak • Abstract

U svibnju 2003. Sankt Peterburg navršio je tristo godina. Iako mlad po godinama, Sankt Peterburg je grad burne prošlosti koji ne prestaje opijati čula pojedinca svakim novim korakom. Kroz uvod u povijest grada i kontekst društvene situacije nekada i danas napravljen je pregled parkovne arhitekture sa željom otkrivanja značenja i stanja pojedinog perivoja i njegove budućnosti.

Sankt-Peterburg was founded 300 hundred years ago. Although not an ancient city, it has a rich and fascinating history. Starting from the historical facts about the city and the context of social circumstances in the past and nowadays, this article presents a review of its landscape architecture revealing the importance and condition of each park and its future prospect.

Summary • Sažetak

Landscape Architecture of Sankt-Peterburg

 
Peter the Great was the man who got the idea of founding a new town that was supposed to become a Russian empire’s window to the Western world. Thinking of the origin of this town and its magic spell leads us to further exploration owing to numerous legends and mysteries surrounding the imperial family and the town itself. By exploring one of his aspects, it is possible to comprehend better the town as a whole. However, Sankt-Peterburg retains its mysterious aspect which makes it unique and attractive but at the same time hinders a thorough understanding.
By exploring its landscape architecture, we are informed not only about the composition and size of the parks and public gardens, but even more about the tradition of the town, the way of life and habits, the town’s history, its hopes and future. The most impressive parks are those surrounding the palaces in the immediate proximity of Sankt-Peterburg. Palaces such as Petrodvorets, Lomonosov, Puškin and Pavlovsk were used by the imperial families as summer residences.
The Petrodvorets palace is situated in the Finnish bay and is a remarkable monument of Russian architecture and landscape design of the 18th and the early 19th centuries. The focal point of the entire park is the Great Palace built on the initiative of Peter the Great. Its southern façade faces the upper- level park whereas the lower one is oriented to the sea. Both parks are magnificent examples of regular geometric design. There are lots of fountains, gold-plated and marble sculptures. Among these, the Great Cascade is remarkable for its exceptional beauty featuring Samson splitting a lion’s jaws thus symoblizing the victory of Peter the Great over the Swedes in 1709.
A palace with a park, built in the same period for Aleksander Menšikov, the emperor’s most trustworthy person, is situated westward along the coast. The most beautiful part of the complex is a park full of quiet paths, gardens and a pine forest. The Puškin Palace was once called Carsko selo ("Imperial Village"). The central building of this architectural and park complex is the Catherine’s baroque Palace. In front of the main (southeast) façade there is a part of the park strictly geometrically designed. North of the palace there is the Alexander’s Palace surrounded by the Alexander’s Park, one of the largest in the country. Since Its south side is adjacent to the Catherine’s Park, it is geometrically shaped in the same manner. Other areas of both parks are full of garden paths and wide, sunny lawns with small pools and canals.
The Pavlovsk Palace is situated close to the Puškin Palace. In spite of the fact that its park was designed by many architects in the course of 50 years, it has remained an integrated whole whose elements blend into a unique artistic concept. Nowadays, the palaces and parks mentioned so far have been converted into museums.
Two parks in central Sankt-Peterburg (The Mihailovski Palace Park and the Summer Palace Park) are remarkable for their aesthetic quality. The Mihailovski Palace is nowadays the Russian Museum featuring one of the most impressive Russian art collections. By the end of 2002 the park was redesigned according to the original plans from the 19th century. Every detail is highly elaborate; one of the examples is a minutely made fence leaving an impression of particular exquisiteness.
The fence of the Summer Palace Park is extremely beautiful and considered a masterpiece of the Russian classicism. Both the palace and the park are superb examples of Russian architecture and landscape design regardless of the fact that many elements from the first plan have been omitted. One can still discern the original geometric plan of garden paths and alleys as well as a unique collection of marble sculptures by Italian masters from the early 18th century.
The Mars Field is located along the Summer Park featuring a memorial with eternal flame for the victims of the Revolution.
The landscape architecture of Sankt-Peterburg is incomplete without a Botanical Garden founded by Peter the Great. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries it was the second park in the world regarding its size. A group of islands called Kir’s Islands deserve special attention since they are regarded as an oasis of the town favoured by the Sankt-Peterburg’s citizens who enjoy spending their free time in numerous park alleys and wonderful places for picnics and recreation. Piskariovski’s Memorial Cemetery is located on the outskirts of the city. The monumental complex is a memorial to half a million brave citizens who died during the World War II siege of Sankt-Peterburg.
There is a large number of other parks as well. Regardless of their maintenance and present condition, they are frequently visited by the citizens of Sankt-Peterburg. Traditionally, people of this region have been living close to nature and therefore the renovation of parks has been enthusiastically welcomed. Sankt-Peterburg is being rediscovered. The city is not to be identified solely with its past. It is nowadays an active and stimulating city - a fact that will certainly exert a far-reaching effect on its parks.


Tihana Musić